Chlorine Exposure: Is It a Danger for Swimmers?
Swimmers are known for many things: tan lines, long practice hours, broad shoulders and the unmistakable scent of chlorine. Growing up, people who I’d never met before would ask me if I was swimmer.
“Yes,” I’d say. “How do you know?”
More often than not, it was my shiny, chlorine-bleached hair that gave it away. From dry hair and skin to the dreaded swimmer’s cough, swimmers experience the effects of chlorine every day. While these side effects are familar, another question is asked: Does constant exposure to chlorine have long-term effects? Recent research suggests that the answer may be yes.
Respiratory Effects of Chlorine on Swimmers
One of the most infamous effects of chlorine is its impact on the respiratory system. A study published in the European Journal of Sports Science found that exposure to indoor, chlorinated pools increased the risk of eye, skin, and respiratory irritation. These side effects were more common among competitive swimmers compared to casual swimmers, likely due to the increased exposure.
An article published by the European Association of Allergy and Immunology reported the primary effect of chlorine exposure was related to respiratory issues. The article stated that inflammatory changes in bronchial tests of competitive swimmers were similar to those in individuals with mild asthma. It also ranked competitive and synchronized swimming as the second highest sports associated with asthmatic symptoms.
However, a study published by the National Library of Medicine argued otherwise. In the experiment, researchers examined the effects of chlorine exposure on rats. They found that long-term damage was more evident in the eyes, skin and liver than in the lungs. The study suggested that the respiratory issues of swimmers may be a result of high intensity training, rather than chlorine exposure. That said, the study confirmed that there were some respiratory effects from the chlorine.
Potential Connections Between Cancer and Chlorine
Some studies have also indicated a potential link between chlorine exposure and cancer. This link is primarily due to exposure of byproducts known as chlorination disinfection byproducts (CDBPs). CDBPs are created when chlorine reacts with natural organic matter in water during the disinfection process.
An article published by the European Association of Allergy and Immunology in 2021 reported that exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) – a type of CDBPs – may increase the risk of bladder cancer. The article noted that the majority of these studies focus on exposure through drinking water rather than swimming pools. However, there were other studies that discovered an increased risk of bladder cancer through THM exposure while swimming. Links to other types of cancer have remained inconclusive.
A study published by Environmental Health Perspectives in 2005 examined the link between chlorine in drinking water and the risk of pancreatic cancer. The study found no strong evidence that there was a significant connection. However, it did state that the impact of CDBPs may have been underestimated, particularly through inhalation and skin contact. This was due to other studies that showed higher blood levels of CDBPs following showers with chlorinated water, which is similar to the level of exposure swimmers experience.
Research concerning the connection between chlorine exposure and cancer remains largely inconclusive, but studies are ongoing.
Final Thoughts
There are several ways swimmers can limit the negative effects of chlorine exposure. One key strategy is to create a protective barrier between the skin and water. Showering before and after swimming and using moisturizing products like lotion or sunscreen, can help protect the skin and hair. Swimmers should also avoid swallowing pool water, cover any open wounds and use ear and nose plugs to reduce exposure. Improving ventilation in indoor pools and limiting chlorine levels when possible can also mitigate potential health impacts.
While chlorine plays an important role in keeping pools clean, research implies it may have long-term effects on swimmers’ health. From respiratory irritation to potential cancer risks, the effects are nothing to wave off for competitive athletes. As research continues to develop, awareness and preventative care are the best ways to prioritize swimmers’ health in and out of the water.
